In partnership with the Institute for Healthcare Improvement, Author in the Room is designed to bring clinical evidence into practice by connecting clinicians and others to authors of JAMA articles. Please send your comments to jama-comments{at}jama-archives.org.

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Audio Archive (listen to audio recordings):

April 2008 Author in the Room
Author: Laura P. Svetky, MD, MHS
Article: "Comparison of Strategies for Sustaining Weight Loss: The Weight Loss Maintenance Randomized Controlled Trial" 
Summary Points:

• Weight loss is feasible and long term weight loss is possible.
• Ongoing personal contact and technology based interventions were effective but the overall benefits were small.
• The role of clinicians is to reinforce the message that weight loss can prevent and treat multiple chronic conditions. Even small amounts of weight loss can lead to significant health benefits.
• Our focus should be on long term healthy life style changes rather than dieting, which is by its very nature short term.

Listen to a mp3 of the call. (0:56:06, 78.9 MB)

March 2008 Author in the Room
Author: Stephen M. Shortell, PhD, MBA, MPH
Article: "Improving Patient Safety by Taking Systems Seriously" 
Summary Points:

• To make real progress in patient safety will require redesigning the underlying system of care such that healthcare professionals and institutions providing a continuum of services from prevention to hospice can address multiple conditions and episodes over time. A "culture of systems" must be established.
• Competing priorities, professional autonomy, solo and small physician practices, disciplinary silos, miss-aligned financial incentives, and inadequate feedback about performance all undermine efforts to create safe healthcare systems.
• A number of strategic, cultural, technical, and structural barriers need to be addressed to assure safer care. This includes the need for patient safety organizations to gather information across the continuum of care and provide both rapid feedback to practitioners and analyze trends over time.

Listen to a mp3 of the call. (0:55:47, 76.6 MB)

February 2008 Author in the Room
Author: Mark J. Pletcher, MD, MPH
Article: "Trends in Opioid Prescribing by Race/Ethnicity for Patients Seeking Care in US Emergency Departments" 
Summary Points:

• Doctors appear to prescribe opioids less often to blacks and Hispanics/Latinos than they do to whites in the emergency department.
• These differences do not appear to be explained by differences in type or severity of pain.

To address these disparities, we would recommend:

• Educating patients to make sure non-white patients expect good pain control and know how/when to ask for it.
• Educating physicians and nurses about the existing disparities and the need to eliminate them, specifically addressing fears of prescription opioid abuse and other reasons physicians may withhold opioids.
• Creating systems that minimize barriers to prescribing and monitor resolution of pain.
• Monitoring quality of care by measuring resolution of pain and collecting and analyzing data by race/ethnicity.

Listen to a mp3 of the call. (0:56:09, 26.3 MB)

January 2008 Author in the Room
Author: Ian G. Williamson, MD
Article: "Antibiotics and Topical Nasal Steroid for Treatment of Acute Maxillary Sinusitis" 
Summary Points:

• Antibiotics are not so effective in the routine treatment of cases of acute sinusitis even when of probable bacterial origin, and should therefore be used more judiciously and with greater caution.
• Expectations should not necessarily be for antibiotics but balanced risk assessments and symptom advice are still important.
• Findings of lack of efficacy for antibiotics should drive a research agenda which aims to identify subgroups that might benefit from their use and/or other types of treatment.

Listen to a mp3 of the call. (0:54:28, 51.1 MB)

December 2007 Author in the Room
Author: Dena M. Bravata, MD, MS
Article: "Using Pedometers to Increase Physical Activity and Improve Health" 
Summary Points:

• Pedometer users increase their physical activity. They walked 2000 steps per day more than people who do not use a pedometer. 2000 steps is equivalent to about 1 mile per day or about 100 calories per day.
• Having a daily step goal is important for increasing physical activity with a pedometer. Pedometer users with any goal—either 10,000 steps per day or an individualized step goal—increase their physical activity whereas those pedometer users without a goal do not.
• Pedometer users lose weight and lower their blood pressure.
• Pedometer interventions that take place in the workplace are less likely to result in improvements in physical activity than interventions that took place in non-workplace settings. This is because the people who chose to participate in workplace interventions already had relatively high baseline physical activity which suggests that workplace interventions should target sedentary employees.

Listen to a mp3 of the call. (0:57:01, 52.2 MB)

November 2007 Author in the Room
Author: R. Monina Klevens, DDS, MPH
Article: "Invasive Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Infections in the United States" 
Summary Points:

• The magnitude of MRSA infection is significant, demonstrating that it is a major healthcare and public health issue.
• The majority of invasive MRSA infections are healthcare associated; hospitals and other healthcare facilities should make MRSA prevention a priority.
• MRSA skin infections are common in the community and rarely become life threatening or invasive.

Listen to a mp3 of the call. (0:56:57, 53.4 MB)

October 2007 Author in the Room
Author: Romsai T. Boonyasai, MD, MPH
Article: "Effectiveness of Teaching Quality Improvement to Clinicians" 
Summary Points:

• Quality Improvement (QI) curricula are often effective in improving learners’ QI-related participation, attitudes, and knowledge.
• QI curricula are less often associated with clinical improvements.
• Clinical improvements occur more often when learners engage in multiple small cycles of change, and when they have individualized coaching in QI, access to their performance data, and access to pre-developed QI tools.

Listen to a mp3 of the call. (1:02:27, 58.6 MB)

September 2007 Author in the Room
Author: Douglas R. Lowy, MD
Article: "Effect of Human Papillomavirus 16/18 L1 Viruslike Particle Vaccine Among Young Women With Preexisting Infection" 
Summary Points:

• The HPV vaccine has been shown to work very well in preventing new (incident) infection and disease caused by the HPV types targeted in the vaccine.
• The JAMA study shows that HPV vaccination does not hasten clearance of existing (prevalent) infection with the HPV types targeted by the vaccine (HPV16 and 18).
• It is most cost-effective to administer the vaccine before patients are exposed to HPV, because the vaccine is effective in preventing new infection but does not appear to be effective in treating established infection.

Listen to a mp3 of the call. (53:22, 50.0 MB)

August 2007 Author in the Room
Author: Roy C. Ziegelstein, MD
Article: "Acute Emotional Stress and Cardiac Arrhythmias" 
Summary Points:

• Episodes of emotional stress, especially when sudden, severe, and unexpected, may have significant adverse effects on the heart.
• Acute emotional stress can increase sympathetic stimulation of the heart and can alter brain activity in a way that makes the heart more susceptible to rhythm disturbances.
• Since episodes of emotional stress are almost inevitable in life, part of a healthy lifestyle is learning how to deal effectively with stress.

Listen to a mp3 of the call. (56:28, 52.9 MB)

July 2007 Author in the Room
Author: Bernard Cole, PhD, and Robert S. Sandler, MD
Article: "Folic Acid for Prevention of Colorectal Adenomas" 
Summary Points:

• Folic acid supplementation is not useful for preventing colorectal adenomas.
• Folic acid supplementation may be harmful through increasing colorectal adenomas.
• Practitioners and patients should wait for strong evidence before initiating therapies given the potential for waste and unintended adverse consequences.

Listen to a mp3 of the call. (53:22, 48.8 MB)

June 2007 Author in the Room
Author: Steven R. Steinhubl, MD
Article: "Aspirin Dose for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease" 
Summary Points:

• While aspirin is generally a safe drug and extremely effective, with more than 50 million US adults taking it every day for cardiovascular disease prevention, even a very small incidence of adverse effects can have major implications. Consistent with this, one study found that the most common medication leading to an adverse event requiring hospitalization was aspirin for cardiovascular disease prevention.
• In terms of preventing heart attacks, strokes, or cardiovascular deaths, no clinical trial has identified an aspirin dose more efficacious than 75 to 81 mg daily.
• Although there is no dose of aspirin that doesn't increase the risk of GI toxicity or bleeding, greater doses of aspirin are consistently associated with a greater risk. For example, in the United States alone, if everyone took 325 mg of aspirin daily instead of 81 mg, based on observational data, this could translate into nearly 1 million additional major bleeding complications a year.

Listen to a mp3 of the call. (58:10, 53.2 MB)

May 2007 Author in the Room
Author: Jan L. Brandes, MD
Article: "Sumatriptan-Naproxen for Acute Treatment of Migraine" 
Summary Points:

• Evidence from two replicate randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials showed sumatriptan-naproxen as a fixed dose combination was superior in treating an attack of migraine when compared with sumatriptan alone, naproxen alone, or placebo.
• Most importantly, given that migraine attacks in adults are 4 to 72 hours in duration, the fixed-dose combination of sumatriptan-naproxen was significantly more effective than sumatriptan monotherapy or naproxen monotherapy in providing a 24-hour sustained pain-free response.
• Patients using the fixed-dose combination therapy were less likely to use rescue medication or to have headache recurrence, and did not experience any increase in adverse effects using the combination.

Listen to a mp3 of the call. (53:24, 48.8 MB)

April 2007 Author in the Room
Author: Peter B. Bach, MD
Article: "Computed Tomography Screening and Lung Cancer Outcomes" 
Summary Points:

• Screening and other prevention approaches involve subjecting very large numbers of people to an intervention, with the expectation that a few will benefit, but most will not (as they would have never developed the condition anyway).
• In general, screening for diseases such as cancer will uncover some reservoir of abnormalities that appear to be precursors to clinical disease but are not yet causing disease.
• We really have no evidence to support screening for lung cancer right now with any technology.
• We really should be advocating for our patients to help them understand why they shouldn't have this test until we know that it is more likely to hurt them or help them.

Listen to a mp3 of the call. (49:38, 45.4 MB)

March 2007 Author in the Room
Author: Paul M. Ridker, MD, MPH
Article: "Development and Validation of Improved Algorithms for the Assessment of Global Cardiovascular Risk in Women: The Reynolds Risk Score" 
Summary Points:

• Half of all heart attacks and strokes occur among those with normal cholesterol levels and 15-20% occur among those with no major risk factors at all.
• The major breakthroughs in understanding cardiovascular disease over the past decade include insights about inflammation and genetics. Each of these can easily be ascertained with either a simple blood test (hsCRP for inflammation) or a simple question about parental history of myocardial infarction.
• By incorporating these 2 new measures into how we think about risk, a new risk tool was derived known as the "Reynolds Risk Score."
• This is a win-win for everyone as it allows us to better target therapies, avoid toxicity, and improve overall prevention strategies for heart disease.

Listen to a mp3 of the call. (58:30, 29.6 MB)

February 2007 Author in the Room
Author: David A. Ganz, MD, MPH
Article: "The Rational Clinical Exam: Will My Patient Fall?" 
Summary Points:

• Screening for falls is as simple as asking the patient if she's fallen in the past year. For patients who have not fallen, ask about gait or balance problems (e.g. "Do you have a walking or balance problem?").
• Most older patients who have a history of falls in the past year, or a gait/balance problem, have at least a 50% chance of falling in the coming year. You may want to do a more thorough evaluation on these patients.
• To make screening easy for new patients, add into your pre-visit questionnaire questions that ask about a history of falls and/or gait/balance problems. Or, have your office staff ask these questions routinely when patients are being checked in.

Listen to a mp3 of the call. (56:45, 25.9 MB)

January 2007 Author in the Room
Author: Dennis M. Black, PhD
Article: "The Effects of Continuing or Stopping Alendronate after Five Years of Treatment: Results from the Fracture Intervention Trial Long-term Extension (FLEX)" 
Summary Points:

• The long-term use of alendronate for up to 10 years is safe.
• Those who discontinued treatment at 5 years lost bone mass compared with those who continued but the bone loss was only moderate. Rates of fracture were similar among those who continued vs those who discontinued except for clinical vertebral fractures which, although relatively uncommon, were higher in those who discontinued treatment.
• Results suggest that after 5 years of alendronate, many women may discontinue therapy for up to 5 years. However, those at high risk of clinical vertebral fracture may benefit by continuing.

Listen to a mp3 of the call. (49:09, 22.5 MB)

December 2006 Author in the Room
Author: Louise C. Walter, MD
Article: "PSA Screening Among Elderly Men With Limited Life Expectancies" 
Summary Points:

• Most cancer screening guidelines do not recommend screening elderly persons in poor health who have limited life expectancies because the harms of screening (which occur immediately) outweigh the potential benefits (which occur many years in the future).
• PSA screening rates among elderly men with limited life expectancies should be much lower than current practice to avoid harming these men with unnecessary tests and procedures.
• Guidelines should be more explicit about how life expectancy is defined and provide tools to help clinicians identify men with poor prognoses who are most likely to be harmed by PSA screening, considering both age and the presence of severe disease.

Listen to a mp3 of the call. (51:53, 23.7 MB)

November 2006 Author in the Room
Author: Dariush Mozaffarian, MD, DrPH
Article: "Fish Intake, Contaminants, and Human Health: Evaluating the Risks and the Benefits" 
Summary Points:

• For the general population, the health benefits of fish intake far outweigh the risks.
• Women of childbearing age, nursing mothers and young children should eat up to two servings of fish per week as the benefits of fish intake still outweigh the risks.
• Given the magnitude of the benefits, physicians should regularly give dietary advice to patients for cardiovascular disease prevention.

Listen to a mp3 of the call. (58:39, 26.8 MB)

October 2006 Author in the Room
Author: David Mark Spiro, MD, MPH
Article: "Wait-and-See Prescription for the Treatment of Acute Otitis" 
Summary Points:

• Wait-and-See Prescription (WASP) is a viable approach to managing children with acute otitis media. Compared with the standard prescription group, the WASP group filled the antimicrobial prescription much less frequently and had equivalent clinical outcomes.
• Within the WASP group, fever and ear pain were associated with filling the prescription demonstrating that parents are able to make appropriate care decisions when given clear guidance.
• In the management of acute otitis media, important points for clinicians are first to make right diagnosis and then to provide sufficient analgesia. Adequate pain control allows parents to better manage their sick child and use antimicrobials judiciously while also reducing the risk of medical adverse effects and antibiotic resistance.

Listen to a mp3 of the call. (57:04, 32.7 MB)

September 2006 Author in the Room
Author: Harriet L. MacMillan, MD, MSc, FRCP(C)
Article: "Approaches to Screening for Intimate Partner Violence in Health Care Settings: A Randomized Trial" 
Summary Points:

• Even though we have long assumed that clinicians should ask patients directly about intimate partner violence, this study shows that self-complete methods for soliciting such information are preferred by women, and may be more efficient.
• The prevalence rate for intimate partner violence differs by setting and population and varies significantly from approximately 4% to approximately 18%.
• While this study provides evidence on the best methods to solicit information on intimate partner violence, it doesn’t tell us if collecting this information improves outcomes for women exposed to such violence. A randomized controlled trial evaluating the effectiveness of screening women for intimate partner violence in health care settings is currently underway.

Listen to a mp3 of the call. (56:29, 25.8 MB)

August 2006 Author in the Room
Author: David Gonzales, PhD, and Stephen Rennard, MD
Article: "Varenicline, an α4β2 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Partial Agonist, vs Sustained-Release Bupropion and Placebo for Smoking Cessation" 
Summary Points:

• There is a new and novel pharmaceutical approach to treating nicotine addiction that helps smokers quit by specifically targeting nicotine receptors.
• Efficacy for varenicline was three to four times that of placebo and twice that of bupropion at the end of 12 weeks of treatment, but abstinence rates in all groups declined after drug treatment ended.
• The launch of a new smoking cessation medication will likely drive patient demand for smoking cessation services. Medical practices should be prepared to respond to this demand by having a clear, systematic approach to smoking cessation.

Listen to a mp3 of the call. (55:55, 25.6 MB)

July 2006 Author in the Room
Author: Victor G. Vogel, MD, MHS
Article: "The Effects of Tamoxifen versus Raloxifene on the Risk of Developing Invasive Breast Cancer and Other Disease Outcomes: The NSABP Study of Tamoxifen and Raloxifene (STAR) P-2 Trial" 
Summary Points:

• Raloxifene is as effective in reducing the risk of invasive breast cancer in postmenopausal women who are at increased risk of the disease.
• The safety profile of raloxifene is more favorable than tamoxifen with fewer hysterectomies, uterine malignancies, serious thrombotic events, and cataracts.
• Both physicians and patients are familiar with raloxifene and its use for preventing and treating osteoporosis, and there is a long experience with its use in healthy women.

Listen to a mp3 of the call. (56:04, 25.6 MB)

June 2006 Author in the Room
Author: Chistopher Callahan, MD
Article:  "Effectiveness of Collaborative Care for Older Adults With Alzheimer Disease in Primary Care"  
Summary Points:

• Primary care practices have standard protocols to offer a patient with Alzheimer Disease and their caregivers.
• The quality of care of many geriatric syndromes, including Alzheimer Disease, can be improved by implementing a collaborative care model.
• Similarly to many geriatric syndromes, medication may be useful, but it is not enough.  Medications are one part of a package of care.

Listen to a mp3 of the call. (58:10, 26.6 MB)

May 2006 Author in the Room
Author: William Taylor, MD
Article:  "A 71-Year-Old Woman Contemplating a Screening Colonoscopy"  
Summary Points:

• Embedded in experts’ recommendations for colorectal cancer screening are nearly impossible demands on primary care clinicians to discuss the pros and cons of various modalities for screening with each patient and to assess risk even to the detail of learning the pathology of the biopsy of relatives’ colonoscopies (e.g., adenomatous vs. hyperplastic polyps).
• The complex set of components involved in the decision to screen (or not) for colon cancer includes input from both the doctor (e.g., data about what might happen and how likely the possibilities are) and the patient (e.g., how the patient weighs the relative desirability of the various possible outcomes that result from the possible decisions).
• The decision to undertake a preventive maneuver involves weighing the risks, cost, and inconvenience of an intervention now for a potential benefit in the future.

Listen to a mp3 of the call. (59:57, 27.9 MB)

April 2006 Author in the Room
Authors: Donald Berwick, MD, MPP, FRCP, and Thomas Nolan, PhD
Article:"All-or-None Measurement Raises the Bar on Performance".
Summary Points:

• All or none measurement more closely reflects the interests and likely desires of patients than other approaches to measurement such as composite or item-by-item.
• All or none measurement forces a system perspective.
• All or none measurement offers a more sensitive scale for assessing improvements.

Listen to a mp3 of the call. (60:01, 27.9 MB)

March 2006 Author in the Room
Author: Anna Taddio, PhD
Article: "Intravenous Morphine and Topical Tetracaine for Treatment of Pain in Preterm Neonates Undergoing Central Line Placement"
Summary Points:

• Infants feel pain during central line placement and this pain can be reduced with analgesics.
• IV Morphine used alone or in combination with Tetracaine Gel is more effective than Tetracaine alone or no treatment.
• IV Morphine and Tetracaine Gel are associated with expected side effects; IV Morphine causes mild respiratory depression and Tetracaine causes reddening discoloration of the skin. 

Listen to a mp3 of the call. (57:25, 26.2 MB)

February 2006 Author in the Room
Author: Olga Jonasson, MD
Article: "Watchful Waiting vs Repair of Inguinal Hernia in Minimally Symptomatic Men."
Summary Points:

• Men, and men only, who have few if any symptoms from their inguinal hemia, can safely delay having it fixed.
• When symptoms develop, especially if the symptoms worsen suddenly, they should visit a surgeon and request a repair.
• If the hernia suddenly becomes incarcerated, painful, and signs of a bowel obstruction develop (vomiting, abdominal cramps), an operation should be done immediately.  In 2006, even this emergency operation is safe and mortality rates are low.

Listen to a mp3 of the call. (56:30, 25.8 MB)

January 2006 Author in the Room
Author: Sandra Dial, MD, MSc
Article: "Use of Gastric Acid-Suppressive Agents and the Risk of Community-Acquired Clostridium difficile-Associated Disease"
Summary Points:

• Acid suppressive therapy use was associated with an increased risk of CDAD, with PPI’s appearing to be associated with a higher risk than h2blockers.  These agents, particularly PPI’s, are being prescribed with increasing frequency to patients, including situations where the benefits may be small.
• Although the rate is lower than in the hospital, CDAD is occurring in the community and is being diagnosed more frequently.
• Prior antibiotic exposure appears to be less frequent in patients diagnosed in the community as compared to patients diagnosed in hospital.

Listen to a mp3 of the call. (60:20, 27.6 MB)

December 2005 Author in the Room
Author: Matthew H. Samore, MD 
Article: "Clinical Decision Support and Appropriateness of Antimicrobial Prescribing" 
Summary points:

• Repetitive use of a diagnostic and treatment algorithm to ingrain new prescribing habits was a valuable part of this practice change intervention.
• Clinical decision support systems (CDSS) are feasibly implemented in practice settings that lack electronic medical records, including rural communities.
• CDSS needs to be integrated with tools that save clinicians' time to be sustainable.

Listen to a mp3 of the call. (60:16, 27.5 MB)

November 2005 Author in the Room
Author: David R. Flum, MD
Article: "Early Mortality Among Medicare Beneficiaries Undergoing Bariatric Surgical Procedures." 
Summary Points:

• Patients 65 years or older have a much higher risk of early death than younger patients after bariatric (obesity) surgery.
• Already a high risk population, Medicare medically disabled patients have a higher risk of early death after bariatric (obesity) surgery is performed than previously reported.
• Older patients of more experienced bariatric surgeons had a much lower risk of death than those older patients whose surgeons had less experience performing the surgery.

Listen to a mp3 of the call. (60:17, 27.5 MB)

October 2005 Author in the Room
Author: Charles N. Ford, MD
Article: "Evaluation and Management of Laryngopharyngeal Reflux"
Summary points:

• Differentiating between gastroesophageal reflux and laryngopharyngeal reflux.
• Making and confirming laryngopharyngeal reflux diagnosis.
• Resolution of laryngopharyngeal reflux findings may require aggressive and prolonged treatment.

Listen to a mp3 of the call. (56:39, 25.9 MB)

September 2005 Author in the Room
Authors: Rafael Harpaz, MD, MPH, and Fangjun Zhou, PhD
Article: "Impact of Varicella Vaccination on Health Care Utilization" 
Summary Points:

• Varicella can be severe and at times life threatening, however, since the introduction of varicella vaccine in 1995, varicella hospitalizations have declined significantly, as have outpatient visits.
• Herd immunity is protecting unvaccinated persons from varicella. Since varicella can be more severe in adults, it is particularly important that patients be screened for evidence of immunity to varicella and anyone susceptible be vaccinated, so that children and adolescents do not remain susceptible at adulthood. The federal government's Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, or ACIP, provides new recommendations regarding screening patients for evidence of immunity to varicella and vaccinating those at risk of the disease.
• The diagnosis of varicella has become challenging as rates have declined and since the disease is highly modified among those vaccinated. Laboratory testing will play an increasing role in diagnosis of varicella.
• Providers should report varicella to the local health department so that public health authorities can act to control outbreaks and can monitor for development of problems in the vaccination program.

Thanks to everyone who took part in Author in the Room on September 21. During the call, Dr. Rafael Harpaz mentioned that the CDC has some photo images (Image 1, Image 2, Image 3) of more attenuated forms of varicella. You can find these images at www.cdc.gov. 

Additionally, the featured authors of "Impact of Varicella Vaccination on Health Care Utilization" are happy to be emailed with any follow up questions.  Dr. Rafael Harpaz can be reached at rzh6{at}cdc.gov, Dr. Fanjun Zhou can be reached at FAZ1{at}cdc.gov.

Listen to a mp3 of the call. (58:01, 26.5 MB)

August 2005 Author in the Room
Authors: Judith Ockene, PhD, MEd, and David H. Barad, MD, MS
Article:  "Symptom Experience After Discontinuing Use of Estrogen Plus Progestin" 
Summary Points:

• Of the women who stopped E+P, 21.2% had menopausal symptoms (hot flashes or night sweats) after stopping study medication compared to 4.8% of women who were on placebo.
• Of the women who had menopausal symptoms when they started the study (about 12%) and were in the active hormone group, over 50% had a recurrence of symptoms after they stopped MHT compared to 21% of placebo users who had a recurrence of symptoms.
• Women in the E+P group reported higher rates of pain or stiffness (36.8%) after they stopped study medication compared to women who had been on placebo (22.2%).
• Women who had symptoms after they stopped study medication reported using a wide range of strategies to manage symptoms and a large proportion found the strategies to be helpful.

Listen to a mp3 of the call. (54:57, 25.1 MB)

July 2005 Author in the Room
Author:  Michael E. Pichichero, MD
Article:  "Combined Tetanus, Diphtheria, and 5-Component Pertussis Vaccine for Use in Adolescents and Adults". 
Summary Points:

• Need: The combined tetanus-diphtheria 5-component pertussis vaccine is needed; There has been a 300% increase of pertussis among US adolescents in the last three years.
• Safety: The combined tetanus-diphtheria 5-component pertussis vaccine is safe, as the reactions are the same as the tetanus vaccine.
• Universal: On June 30, 2005, the American Academy of Pediatrics (ASAP), America Academy of Family Physicians (AFAR), and the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACID) all recommended the universal use of the combined tetanus-diphtheria 5-component pertussis vaccine or its competitor vaccine for adolescents.

Listen to a mp3 of the call. (57:08, 26.1 MB)

June 2005 Author in the Room
Author:  Henry M. Blumberg, MD
Article:  "Update on the Treatment of Tuberculosis and Latent Tuberculosis Infection"
Summary Points:

• Tuberculosis is a public health problem.  The responsibility for prescribing an appropriate regimen and assuring that treatment is completed is assigned to the public health program or the treating physician, not the patient;
• Directly observed therapy is recommended for all patients being treated for active TB, this will necessitate the need for greater collaboration between the treating physician and the public health department;
• Initial therapy for newly diagnosed patients with tuberculosis consists of a 4-drug regimen including isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide and ethambutol;
• Testing for latent TB infection should be targeted at those who are at increased risk of progression to active TB;
• Despite its limitations, the tuberculin skin test remains the most commonly used test for the diagnosis of latent TB infection; newer diagnostic tests for latent TB infection are on the horizon;
• Active tuberculosis should be excluded before beginning treatment for latent tuberculosis infection;
• 9 months of isoniazid is the preferred therapy for the treatment of latent TB infection.

Listen to a mp3 of the call. (60:33, 27.7 MB)

May 2005 Author in the Room
Author:  Alex R. Kemper, MD, MPH, MS
Article:  "Follow-up Testing Among Children with Elevated Screening Blood Lead Levels"
Summary Points:

• About half the children (six years and younger) with elevated blood lead levels did not receive follow up testing;
• Nonwhite children, and those living in urban as well as high-risk lead settings, were less likely to receive follow up testing compared to their counterparts;
• Follow-up testing for children with high blood lead levels is essential for managing lead poisoning and for maximizing cognitive development;
• Interventions are needed to overcome disparities in care.

Listen to a mp3 of the call. (57:20, 26.2 MB)

April 2005 Author in the Room
Author:  Jackson T. Wright, Jr., MD, PhD, FACP
Article:  "Outcomes in Hypertensive Black and Nonblack Patients Treated With Chlorthalidone, Amlodipine, and Lisinopril"
Summary Points:

• Thiazide-type diuretics are safe and effective for the treatment of blood pressure in both blacks and non-blacks;
• The effects of thiazide-type diuretics in reducing blood pressure and clinical outcomes overwhelm the observed adverse metabolic affects of those medications;
• A standardized and inexpensive approach to initial blood pressure management is possible and should be adopted;
• Methods of monitoring and improving antihypertensive use are warranted.

Listen to a mp3 of the call. (55:48, 25.5 MB)

March 2005 Author in the Room
Author:  Susan L. Hendrix, DO
Article:  "Effects of Estrogen With and Without Progestin Therapy on Urinary Incontinence"
Summary Points:

• Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) should not be the treatment of choice for post-menopausal women with urinary incontinence;
• Post-menopausal women taking HRT should be regularly monitored for signs and symptoms of urinary incontinence;
• Post-menopausal women on HRT who develop urinary incontinence should be weaned off HRT;
• Post-menopausal women who elect to start HRT should be warned about the risks of developing urinary incontinence.

Listen to a mp3 of the call. (55:32, 25.4 MB)

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